début |
fin |
|
|
|
[sans numérotation] [Page de faux-titre]
|
|
|
[sans numérotation] The international scientific series
|
|
|
[sans numérotation] [Page de titre]
|
|
|
[page blanche]
|
|
|
v Table of contents
|
|
|
vi
|
|
|
vii
|
|
|
viii
|
|
|
ix
|
|
|
x
|
|
|
xi List of illustrations
|
|
|
xii
|
|
|
xiii
|
|
|
xiv
|
|
|
xv
|
|
|
xvi
|
|
|
1 Animal mechanism : terrestrial and aerial locomotion. Introduction
|
|
|
2
|
|
|
3
|
|
|
4
|
|
|
5 Book the first. Chapter I : Forces and organs
|
|
|
6
|
|
|
7
|
|
|
8
|
|
|
9
|
|
|
10
Image : Fig. 1. Showing the transformation of the electricity of a battery into mechanical action, into light, and chemical action
|
|
|
11
|
|
|
12
|
|
|
13 Chapter II : Transformation of physical forces
|
|
|
14
|
|
|
15
|
|
|
16
|
|
|
17
|
|
|
18
|
|
|
19 Chapter III : On animal heat
|
|
|
20
|
|
|
21
|
|
|
22
|
|
|
23
|
|
|
24
|
|
|
25
|
|
|
26
|
|
|
27 Chapter IV : Animal motion
|
|
|
28
|
|
|
29
|
|
|
30
|
|
|
31
Image : Fig. 2. The myograph
|
|
|
32
Image : Fig. 3. Marey's Myograph
|
|
|
33
|
|
|
34
Image : Fig. 4. Character of the shock according to the degree of fatigue of the muscle
|
|
|
35
Image : Fig. 5. Successive transformations of the shock of a muscle becoming gradually poisoned by veratrine
|
|
|
36
Image : Fig. 6. Appearance presented by a wave in muscular fibre
|
|
|
37
Image : Fig. 7. Disposition of a bundle of muscle between two pairs of myographical clips
|
|
|
38
Image : Fig. 8. Two determinations of the speed of the muscular wave
|
|
|
39
Image : Fig. 9. Transformation of heat into work by a strip of India-rubber
|
|
|
40
|
|
|
41 Chapter V. Contraction and work of the muscles
|
|
|
42
|
|
|
43
Image : Fig. 10. Determination of the speed of the nervous agent in man
|
|
|
44
|
|
|
45
|
|
|
46
Image : Fig. 11. Gradual coalescence of the shocks produced by electric excitations of increasing frequency
|
|
|
47
|
|
|
48
|
|
|
49 Chapter VI. Of electricity in animals
|
|
|
50
|
|
|
51
|
|
|
52
|
|
|
53
|
|
|
54
|
|
|
55
|
|
|
56
|
|
|
57
|
|
|
58
Image : Fig. 12. Measure of the time which elapses between the excitation of the electric nerve, and the discharge of the torpedo
|
|
|
59 Chapter VII. Animal mechanism
|
|
|
60
|
|
|
61
|
|
|
62
|
|
|
63
|
|
|
64
|
|
|
65
|
|
|
66
|
|
|
67
|
|
|
68
|
|
|
69 Chapter VIII. Harmony between the organ and the function development hypothesis
|
|
|
70
|
|
|
71
|
|
|
72
Image : Fig. 13. Skeleton of a flamingo
|
|
|
73
Image : Fig. 14. Skeleton of a penguin
|
|
|
74
Image : Fig. 15. Skeleton of the wing and sternum of the sea-swallow
|
|
|
75
|
|
|
76
Image : Fig. 16. Muscles of the thigh in man
|
|
|
77
Image : Fig. 17. Muscle of the thigh in the magot
|
|
|
78 The development theory
Image : Fig. 18. Muscles of the thigh of the Coaïta
|
|
|
79
|
|
|
80
|
|
|
81
|
|
|
82
|
|
|
83
|
|
|
84
|
|
|
85 Chapter IX. Variability of the skeleton
|
|
|
86
|
|
|
87
|
|
|
88
|
|
|
89
|
|
|
90
|
|
|
91
|
|
|
92
|
|
|
93
|
|
|
94 Variability of the muscular system
|
|
|
95
|
|
|
96
|
|
|
97
|
|
|
98
|
|
|
99
|
|
|
100
|
|
|
101
|
|
|
102 Book the second. Functions : terrestrial locomotion. Chapter I. Of locomotion in general
|
|
|
103
|
|
|
104
|
|
|
105
|
|
|
106
|
|
|
107
|
|
|
108
|
|
|
109
|
|
|
110 Chapter II. Terrestrial locomotion (bipeds). Act of walking in man
|
|
|
111
|
|
|
112
|
|
|
113
Image : Fig. 19. Experimental shoe, intended to show the pressure of the foot on the ground, with its duration and its phases
|
|
|
114
Image : Fig. 20. Tracings of the impact and the rise of the two feet iin our ordinary walk
|
|
|
115
|
|
|
116
Image : Fig. 21. Transmission of an oscillatory movement to the registering apparatus
|
|
|
117
Image : Fig. 22. The upper curves, one in full line, the other dotted, represent the phases of the impact and of the rise of the right and left foot
|
|
|
118
|
|
|
119
Image : Fig. 23. Attempt to illustrate, by means of a metallic wire, the sinuous trajectory passed through by the pubis
|
|
|
120
Image : Fig. 24. Showing two successive positions of the arm of the instrument, and the corresponding positions of the tracing points of the levers
|
|
|
121
Image : Fig. 25. Tracing of the impact and rise of the right foot, furnished by a lever subjected at the same time to 10 vibrations per second
|
|
|
122
Image : Fig. 26. A large tuning-fork whose vibrations are reduced by masses of lead to 10 per second
|
|
|
123
|
|
|
124 Chapter III. The different modes of progression used by man
|
|
|
125
|
|
|
126
Image : Fig. 27. Runner provided with the apparatus intended to register his different paces
|
|
|
127
Image : Fig. 28. Instrument to register the vertical re-actions during the various paces
|
|
|
128
Image : Fig. 29. Tracing produced by walking upstairs / Fig. 30. Tracing produced by running
|
|
|
129
|
|
|
130
|
|
|
131
Image : Fig. 31. Man galloping with the right foot first / Fig. 32. Leap on two feet at once
|
|
|
132 Notation of rhythm in different modes of progression
Image : Fig. 33. Series of hops on the right foot
|
|
|
133
Image : Fig. 34. The curve which corresponds with the act of running in man
|
|
|
134
Image : Fig. 35. Synoptical notation of the four kinds of progression used by man
|
|
|
135
Image : Fig. 36. Notations of the gallop / Fig. 37. Notation of a series of jumps on two feet
|
|
|
136
|
|
|
137
|
|
|
138 Chapter IV : Quadrupedal locomotion studied in the horse
|
|
|
139
|
|
|
140
|
|
|
141
|
|
|
142
Image : Fig. 38. Notation of a horse's amble
|
|
|
143
Image : Fig. 39. Notation of the horse's walking pace
|
|
|
144
Image : Fig. 40. Notation of a horse's trot
|
|
|
145
|
|
|
146
Image : Fig. 41. Synoptical notations of the paces of the horse, according to various writers
|
|
|
147 Apparatus intended for the study of the modes of locomotion of the horse
|
|
|
148
Image : Fig. 42. Experimental apparatus to show the pressure of the horse's hoof on the ground
|
|
|
149
Image : Fig. 43. Apparatus to give the signals of the pressure and rise of the horse's hoof
|
|
|
150
Image : Fig. 44. This figure represents a trotting horse, furnished with the different experimental instruments
|
|
|
151 Chapter V. Experiments on the paces of the horse
|
|
|
152
|
|
|
153
Image : Fig. 45. Graphie ouvres and notation of the horse's trot
|
|
|
154
|
|
|
155
|
|
|
156
Image : Fig. 46. Notation of the irregular trot
|
|
|
157
Image : Fig. 47. Piste of the trot according to Vincent and Goiffon / Fig. 48. Horse trotting with a low kind of pace
|
|
|
158
Image : Fig. 49. Horse at full trot
|
|
|
159
|
|
|
160
Image : Fig. 50. Tracings and notation of the walking pace, with equal pressures of the feet / Fig. 51 : Notation of the walking pace with predominance of the lateral pressures
|
|
|
161
|
|
|
162
Image : Fig. 52. Piste of the walking pace, after Vincent and Goiffon / Fig. 53. Piste of the amble, after Vincent and Goiffon
|
|
|
163
Image : Fig. 54. Representation of the horse at a walking pace
|
|
|
164 Chapter VI. Experiments on the paces of the horse
|
|
|
165
Image : Fig. 55. Tracings and notation of the gallop in three-time
|
|
|
166
Image : Fig. 56. Gallop in three-time
|
|
|
167
Image : Fig. 57. Piste of the short gallop in three-time / Fig. 58. Piste of Eclipse's gallop from Curnieu
|
|
|
168
Image : Fig. 59. Horse gallopping in the first time, the hind left foot only on the ground
|
|
|
169
Image : Fig. 60. Horse galloping in the second time / Fig. 61. Horse galloping in the third time
|
|
|
170
Image : Fig. 62. Notation of the gallop in four time
|
|
|
171
Image : Fig. 63. Notation of full gallop ; re-actions of this pace
|
|
|
172
|
|
|
173
|
|
|
174
Image : Fig. 64. Transition from the walk to the trot / Fig. 65. Transition from the trot to the walk / Fig. 66. Transition from the trot to the gallop / Fig67. Transition from the gallop to the trot
|
|
|
175
Image : Fig. 68. Notation rule, to represent the different paces
|
|
|
176
Image : Fig. 69. Notation rule forming the representation of the gallop in three-time
|
|
|
177
|
|
|
178
|
|
|
179
|
|
|
180 Book the third. Aerial locomotion. Chapter I. Of the flight of insects
|
|
|
181
|
|
|
182
|
|
|
183
Image : Fig. 70. Showing the frequency of the strokes of the wing a drone-fly
|
|
|
184
|
|
|
185
|
|
|
186
|
|
|
187
Image : Fig. 71. Appearance of a wasp, the extremity of each of whose larger wings has been gilded
|
|
|
188
|
|
|
189
Image : Fig. 72. Tracing of the middle region of the course of the wing of a bee, showing the crossing of the two branches of the 8
|
|
|
190
Image : Fig. 73. Tracing of the middle zone in the course describes by the wing of a humming-bird moth / Fig. 74. This figure shows, in the tracing made by a wasp, the upper loop, and all the extent of one branch of the 8
|
|
|
191
Image : Fig. 75. Tracings of the wing of a wasp ; several of the lower loops are distinctly seen / Fig. 76. Tracing of a Wheatstone's Kaleidophone rod, tuned to the octave
|
|
|
192
Image : Fig. 77. Tracing obtained with the wing of a bee, oscillating in a plane which is sensibly tangential to the generatrix of the registering cylinders / Fig. 78. Tracings of a wasp
|
|
|
193
Image : Fig. 79. Tracings of a Wheatstone rod tuned to the octave / Fig. 80. Tracings of the movements of the wing of a humming-bird moth rubbing on the cylinder by its lower edge
|
|
|
194
Image : Fig. 81. Tracing of the wing of a fatigued macrogloss
|
|
|
195
Image : Fig. 82. Determination of the direction of the movements of an insect's wing
|
|
|
196 Chapter II. Mechanism of the flight of insects
Image : Fig. 83. Structure of an insect's wing
|
|
|
197
|
|
|
198
|
|
|
199
Image : Fig. 84. Artificial representation of the movements of an insect's wing
|
|
|
200
Image : Fig. 85. Representation of the changes in the plane of the insect's wing
|
|
|
201
Image : Fig. 86. Trajectory of the wing
|
|
|
202
Image : Fig. 87. Representing the artificial insect
|
|
|
203
|
|
|
204
|
|
|
205
Image : Fig. 88. Arrangement of the artificial insect, to obtain the change of plane, or ascending flight
|
|
|
206
|
|
|
207
|
|
|
208
|
|
|
209 Chapter III. Of the flight of birds
|
|
|
210
Image : Fig. 89. Various curves of the wing of a bird at different points in its length
|
|
|
211
|
|
|
212
|
|
|
213
|
|
|
214
|
|
|
215
|
|
|
216
|
|
|
217
Image : Fig. 90. Representing a contrivance intended to imitate the hovering of birds
|
|
|
218
Image : Fig. 91. We have turned back the right hand corner of the two planes which form the angle
|
|
|
219
Image : Fig. 92. The right hand corner of the plane of the angle has been bent downwards
|
|
|
220
|
|
|
221
|
|
|
222
|
|
|
223
|
|
|
224
|
|
|
225
|
|
|
226 Chapter IV. Of the movements of the wing of the bird during flight
|
|
|
227
|
|
|
228
|
|
|
229
Image : Fig. 93. Apparatus to investigate the contraction of the thoracic muscles of the bird
|
|
|
230
Image : Fig. 94. Experiment to determine by the electrical and myographical methods, at the same time, the frequency of the movements of the wing and the relative durations of its elevation and depression
|
|
|
231
|
|
|
232
Image : Fig. 95. Myographical tracings of the pectoral muscles obtained frm different specles of birds during flight
|
|
|
233
|
|
|
234
Image : Fig. 96. Showing the differences of amplitude and frequency of the strokes of a pigeon's wing
|
|
|
235
|
|
|
236
|
|
|
237
Image : Fig. 97. Apparatus intended to transmit to a resgistering at a distance all the movements that are given to another lever
|
|
|
238
|
|
|
239
Image : Fig. 98. Elastic point tracing on a smoked glass
|
|
|
240
|
|
|
241
Image : Fig. 99. Buzzard flying with the apparatus which gives of the movements described by the extremity of its wing
|
|
|
242
Image : Fig. 100. Elliptical tracing of the point of a bird's wing
|
|
|
243
Image : Fig. 101. Ellipse formed by a Wheatstone's rod tuned in unisen, and tracing on a revolving cylinder
|
|
|
244 Chapter V. Of the changes in the plane of the bird's wing at different points in its course
|
|
|
245
Image : Fig. 102. Transmission of a to-and-fro movement by means of a simple traction-cord
|
|
|
246
|
|
|
247
|
|
|
248
Image : Fig. 103. General arrangement of the instrument
|
|
|
249
|
|
|
250
Image : Fig. 104. Suspension of the bird in the instrument
|
|
|
251
|
|
|
252
|
|
|
253
Image : Fig. 105. Tracing of the movements of a pigeon's wing
|
|
|
254
Image : Fig. 106. Superposition of the preceding curves on paper divided in millimetres
|
|
|
255
Image : Fig. 107. Constructed from the preceding curves
|
|
|
256
|
|
|
257
|
|
|
258
Image : Fig. 108. Theoretical figure of the apparatus to inestigate the torsion of the wing
|
|
|
259
|
|
|
260
Image : Fig. 109. Actual arrangement of the apparatus intended to experiment upon the movements of the wing
|
|
|
261
|
|
|
262
Image : Fig. 110. Simultaneous tracing of the various movements of a buzzard's wing
|
|
|
263
Image : Fig. 111. Inclinations of the plane of the wing with reference to the axis of the body during flight
|
|
|
264 Chapter VI. Re-actions of the movements of the wing on the body of the bird
|
|
|
265
Image : Fig. 112. Apparatus intended to transmit to the registering instrument all the vertical oscillations of the bird
|
|
|
266
Image : Fig. 113. Tracing of a chronographic tuning-fork making sixty vibrations in a second
|
|
|
267
|
|
|
268
Image : Fig. 114. In the upper part we see, placed above aech other, the muscular tracing, and that of the vertical oscillations in a wild duck
|
|
|
269
|
|
|
270
|
|
|
271
Image : Fig. 115. Simultaneous tracing of the two kinds of oscillations executed by a buzzard during flight
|
|
|
272
|
|
|
273
|
|
|
274
|
|
|
275
|
|
|
276
Image : Fig. 116. Wing of an insect / Fig. 117. Active and passive parts of the bird's wing
|
|
|
277
|
|
|
278
|
|
|
279 Index
|
|
|
280
|
|
|
281
|
|
|
282
|
|
|
283
|
|
|
[page blanche]
|
|
|
[sans numérotation] A classified catalogue of Henry S. King and Co.'S Publications
|
|
|
[sans numérotation]
|
|
|
31
|
|
|
32
|