{"id":4997,"date":"2020-04-21T08:23:55","date_gmt":"2020-04-21T08:23:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/numerabilis.u-paris.fr\/partenaires\/sfhad\/?p=4997"},"modified":"2020-10-19T14:20:29","modified_gmt":"2020-10-19T14:20:29","slug":"110-years-carolinum-foundation-1890-2000-100-years-fdi-1900-2000-the-history-of-the-frankfurt-dental-clinic-and-its-relationship-to-the-fdi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/numerabilis.u-paris.fr\/partenaires\/sfhad\/110-years-carolinum-foundation-1890-2000-100-years-fdi-1900-2000-the-history-of-the-frankfurt-dental-clinic-and-its-relationship-to-the-fdi\/","title":{"rendered":"110 Years Carolinum Foundation (1890-2000) 100 Years FDI (1900-2000) The History of the Frankfurt Dental Clinic and its Relationship to the FDI"},"content":{"rendered":"

[vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text el_class=\u00a0\u00bbid-redacteur\u00a0\u00bb]<\/p>\n

Dr. Micha\u00ebl LAIER<\/b>
\nSenckenbergisches Institut d’Histoire de la M\u00e9decine
\nFrancfort sur le Main, Allemagne<\/p>\n

[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text]The nineteenth century is, in the history of dentistry, the year of its institutionalization as an academic discipline. You see here some of the dates which show this process of institutionalization during the nineteenth century.<\/p>\n

\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

In the United States, the first academic training sites for dentists were founded in the year 1839 in Baltimore by Chapin Aaron Harris<\/b> (1806 \u2013 1860) and Horace H. Hayden<\/b> (1769 \u2013 1844) who assumed their teaching duties in 1840. In the same year, the first nationally-based dental organization, the \u00ab\u00a0American Society of Dental Surgeons,\u00a0\u00bb was established. Already one year after its founding, the \u00ab\u00a0Baltimore College of Dentistry\u00a0\u00bb conferred the title of \u00ab\u00a0Doctor of Dental Surgery\u00a0\u00bb (D.D.S.) for the first time in its history.<\/p>\n

The evolution in academic dentistry begun twenty years earlier in the United States resumed its progress in Germany in 1855. In that year, the physician Eduard Albrecht established the first independent German academic training site for dentists in Berlin, the \u00ab\u00a0Public Clinic for Diseases of the Mouth.\u00a0\u00bb Four years later, in 1859, the \u00ab\u00a0Central Association of German Dentists\u00a0\u00bb was founded in Berlin and still exists today under the designation \u00ab\u00a0Deutsche Gesellschaft f\u00fcr Zahn-, Mund- und Kieferheilkunde (DGZMK)\u00a0\u00bb.<\/p>\n

As of the mid-nineteenth century in the United States and in Germany \u2013 but also in other countries, especially in France and England \u2013 dental associations were founded, and the professionalization, establishment, and transformation of dentistry into an academic profession commenced.<\/p>\n

At this point, I would like to illustrate this evolutionary process in greater detail by using the history of the Frankfurt Dental Clinic and the founding of the F\u00e9d\u00e9ration Dentaire Internationale<\/i> (FDI) as examples.<\/p>\n

Before I begin with the history of the Frankfurt Dental Clinic, I would like to provide you with some information regarding the situation of the Jewish community in Frankfurt during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries because the foundress of this institution belonged to one of the most renowned Jewish families of her day.<\/p>\n

You see Hannah Louise von Rothschild<\/b> (1850-1892) portrayed.<\/p>\n

\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

Although you are all familiar with the philanthropist family ROTHSCHILD, nonetheless, I want to supply you with a brief sketch of the first generations in Frankfurt of this world-famous family. You can read in the next table the names of the founders of the Rothschild dynasty, Mayer Amschel Rothschild<\/b>, together with his wife Gutle Schnapper<\/b>, who raised five daughters and an equal number of renowned sons: Amschel Mayer, Salomon Mayer, Nathan Mayer, Carl (Karlmann) Mayer, and Jacob<\/b> (James) Mayer von Rothschild<\/b>.<\/p>\n

\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

The sons laid the foundation in the major European cities of their day \u2013 Frankfurt am Main, Vienna, London, Naples, and<\/i> Paris \u2013 <\/i>for their family\u2019s future financial network. The Rothschilds financed the ruling dynasties of Europe.<\/p>\n

By way of example, Nathan Mayer Rothschild<\/b> funded in London the war led by Arthur Wellesley Wellington against Napoleon, thereby playing a decisive role in the victory over Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815. In the nineteenth century, the idiom was coined that war in Europe was impossible against the wishes of the Rothschild House, and the following quote is attributed to Rothschild\u2019s widow in the year 1847: \u00ab\u00a0Do not worry! There won\u2019t be a war. My sons aren\u2019t going to provide the money for one.\u00a0\u00bb<\/p>\n

In the same manner, the Rothschild family achieved exceptional feats in the civil sphere. The Rothschilds contributed substantially to the funding of the first railroads, especially in France. In Paris, Jacob Mayer Rothschild<\/b> exerted his influence and financed the construction of the Gare du Nord, Gare Saint-Lazare et Gare de Lyon.<\/p>\n

I come back to my theme of the origins of the Rothschild family in the city of Frankfurt. The founding father Mayer Amschel<\/b>, who was born just five years earlier than another famous citizen of Frankfurt, Johann Wolfgang Goethe<\/b>, grew up in underprivileged conditions in Frankfurt\u2019s Jewish ghetto, the so-called \u00ab\u00a0Judengasse.\u00a0\u00bb You are viewing in the next figure the Jewish ghetto in Frankfurt which was separated by a high wall and gates from the remaining \u00ab\u00a0Christian\u00a0\u00bb city beyond.<\/p>\n

\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

These gates were manned by guards and were locked on Sundays as well as on all church holidays. On this single street, the largest Jewish community in Germany lived against its wishes in virtual isolation. In the mid-nineteenth century, this Jewish community amounted to about three thousand souls within a total population of thirty-two thousand city dwellers.<\/p>\n

Mayer Amschel\u2019s forebearers in the Jewish ghetto inhabited a house named \u00ab\u00a0Zum roten Schild\u00a0\u00bb (\u00ab\u00a0to the red sign\u00a0\u00bb). The family name \u00ab\u00a0Rothschild\u00a0\u00bb was derived from this house\u2019s name.<\/p>\n

Next, I turn to the third and fourth generations of the Rothschilds in Frankfurt, namely, Mayer Carl and Hannah Louise Rothschild<\/b>. Here, you are looking at Mayer Carl von Rothschild.<\/p>\n

\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

After the death of his uncle Amschel Mayer, Mayer Carl von Rothschild<\/b> assumed the directorship of the Frankfurt \u00ab\u00a0Rothschild and Company, Bankers.\u00a0\u00bb Together with his wife Louise, he had seven daughters, among them Hannah Louise<\/b>, who lived and remained unmarried in Frankfurt while devoting herself to helping the poor. After her father\u2019s death in 1886, Hannah Louise established the foundation \u00ab\u00a0Heilanstalt Carolinum\u00a0\u00bb in the year 1890. Heilanstalt is an old-fashioned term for hospital. The Latin name \u00ab\u00a0Carolinum\u00a0\u00bb was intended in memoriam<\/i> of her father Carl and, even today, the citizens of Frankfurt call the Dental Clinic \u00ab\u00a0Carolinum\u00a0\u00bb for short. In the following figure, you see the newly erected foundation edifice on B\u00fcrgerstra\u00dfe near Frankfurt\u2019s Main Train Station.<\/p>\n

\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

Modeled on a clinic in Paris, the \u00ab\u00a0Heilanstalt Carolinum,\u00a0\u00bb originally a hospital and dental clinic, consisted of a medical ambulatorium<\/i> complete with adjacent hospital ward and a dental clinic whose design was inspired by an American dentist. By way of example, you can see here what an enormous influence American and French medical facilities had, above all in dentistry, in Germany. It is perhaps not accidental that the building of the \u00ab\u00a0Heilanstalt Carolinum\u00a0\u00bb resembles that of the \u00ab\u00a0College of Dental Surgery\u00a0\u00bb founded fifty years earlier in Baltimore.<\/p>\n

The foundress Hannah Louise von Rothschild died some years later, in 1892, at the age of forty-two. The next slide provides several important dates in the history of the Carolinum. Following Hannah Louise\u2019s decease, her mother, Louise von Rothschild, decided to endow the foundation permanently, and, in 1893, the Carolinum as foundation came into existence in the juridical sense of the term.<\/p>\n

\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

In 1906 a contract was made between the Carolinum Foundation and the City of Frankfurt to regulate the construction of a Dental Clinic on the property of the Frankfurt City Hospital. The medical side of the Dental Clinic was eliminated under the conditions of this contract. A new priority within the purview of the Dental Clinic consisted of the examination and treatment of grammar school children and the poor free of charge. In 1910 the Dental Clinic in its new home opened its doors to the public. This buildiing housed the very first Frankfurt Dental Clinic for school children. The impressive wealth of the Rothschild\u2019s Carolinum Foundation, a sum of one million German Mark, made this new building possible.<\/p>\n

These years, especially the time-span from 1909 to 1919, were extremely important for dentistry\u2019s being accorded equal status as an academic discipline in Germany.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>With the introduction of the new examination regulations in 1909, dental students could matriculate for the study of \u00ab\u00a0dentistry\u00a0\u00bb for the first time in Germany\u2019s history. Prior to that date, they only were permitted to enroll at university in the faculty of philosophy. The Reich Health Insurance Decree of 1914 defined the role of the dentist as \u00ab\u00a0teeth therapist\u00a0\u00bb for National Health patients. In the same year, the University of Frankfurt was founded, and the Frankfurt Dental Clinic became a university institute devoted to dentistry. With the introduction of the general law in the year 1919 which allowed dentists to receive their doctoral degree, dentists attained equality of academic status with physicians.<\/p>\n

It is within this context of the transformation of dentistry into an academic discipline that the opening of the new Frankfurt Dental Clinic in 1910 has to be viewed. In the following figure, you see the new Dental Clinic Carolinum.<\/p>\n

\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

The clinic was housed in the basement and ground-floor levels, whereas the Eye Clinic and Ear, Nose and Throat Clinic were located on the remaining levels. The Eye Clinic and Ear, Nose and Throat Clinic are still in this building.<\/p>\n

In accordance with the example set by other university institutes, the Carolinum was divided into three divisions: surgery, restoration, and prosthetics. Beginning in 1920, a division of orthodontics was added. The following tables inform the reader about the number and kind of therapeutic services available in the aforementioned three divisions.<\/p>\n

The surgical division was directed by Prof. Dr. Otto Loos. You can see here for the years 1910 to 1918 the number of patients, how often they received treatment, and the number of extractions that took place under the different types of available anesthesia.<\/p>\n

\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

The prosthetics division was led by Prof. Dr. Carl Fritsch. You likewise see for the same time period from 1910 to 1918 the number and type of prosthetic measures that were performed. In the first line, for instance, you see the number of caoutchouc prosthetics made, in line four the number of teeth needed for them, and, in the second and third last lines the number of bridges and crowns fitted.<\/p>\n

\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

The restoration division was under the directorship of Prof. Fritz Sch\u00e4ffer-Stuckert. There, you find a listing of the fillings performed. Amalgam was the most common material used for fillings. Also noteworthy is the large number of root canals performed.<\/p>\n

\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

As typical of the many outstanding personalities in the dental history of the Carolinum, I now would like to present you with a brief biography of the first director of the Frankfurt Dental Clinic:<\/p>\n

\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

Prof. Sch\u00e4ffer-Stuckert<\/b> was born in 1868 in Frankfurt. He studied in Berlin and received his dental degree in the year 1889. His decision to become a dentist was determined by his love of a dentist\u2019s daughter whose father only wanted her to marry a dentist. After setting up his dental practice in his home city of Frankfurt in 1891, he went to New York City for two years to obtain his doctorate. (This was, by the way, typical for many German dentists of his day.) In 1895 he passed the examination as \u00ab\u00a0Doctor of Dental Surgery.\u00a0\u00bb The doctorate in dentistry first became a reality in Germany in 1919. After his return from America, he felt obligated to improve the status and training of his German colleagues. In the years that followed, he became very actively involved in this area. He was active in dental associations and he held papers at sessions devoted to continuing education for dentists both in the fields of dental radiology and modern methods in anesthesiology. Finally, after having been named assistant secretary in 1904 during the Fourth International Dental Congress in St. Louis, Dr. Sch\u00e4ffer-Stuckert was appointed to the rank of secretary general of the FDI at the FDI\u2019s Congress in Berlin in the year 1909.<\/p>\n

In what follows, I would like to show you in greater detail Sch\u00e4ffer-Stuckerts commitment within the framework of the FDI and, prior to that, a brief summary of the FDI\u2019s early history.<\/p>\n

\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

The founding of the F\u00e9d\u00e9ration Dentaire Internationale<\/i> must be understood as the terminal point of the process of institutionalization undergone by the field of dentistry in the nineteenth century. The preeminent personality in this evolutionary process was none other than the Dean of the Ecole Dentaire de Paris, Dr. Charles Gordon<\/b>. He had organized the First International Dental Congresses and was in overall charge at the founding of the FDI on the fifteenth of August 1900 on the site of the Ecole Dentaire in Paris. The members of this first Executive Council of the FDI were pledged to achieve the following goals:<\/p>\n