{"id":5152,"date":"2020-04-21T09:57:13","date_gmt":"2020-04-21T09:57:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/numerabilis.u-paris.fr\/partenaires\/sfhad\/?p=5152"},"modified":"2020-10-19T14:21:45","modified_gmt":"2020-10-19T14:21:45","slug":"the-x-rays-their-first-applications-in-dentistry","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/numerabilis.u-paris.fr\/partenaires\/sfhad\/the-x-rays-their-first-applications-in-dentistry\/","title":{"rendered":"The X-rays : their first applications in dentistry"},"content":{"rendered":"

[vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text el_class=\u00a0\u00bbid-redacteur\u00a0\u00bb]<\/p>\n

by Claude ROUSSEAU<\/b>
\nancien Pr\u00e9sident de la SFHAD
\nEx-conservateur du Mus\u00e9e Pierre Fauchard<\/p>\n

[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text]It\u2019s with the Cnide School of Medicine that observation and concrete expression of facts take the place of incantations of magical medicine.<\/p>\n

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Hippocrate<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

 <\/p>\n

This concept blossoms with Hippocrate where clinical examination becomes an attempt to understand the patient before studying the disease and take everything into account: \u00ab\u00a0What is possible to see, to touch, to hear, what is perceptible by sight, by touch, sense of hearing and smelling …\u00a0\u00bb<\/p>\n

The method of observation and the principles of the practitioner of the School of Cos largely contributed to the outstanding development of western dentistry.<\/p>\n

Wilhelm Conrad R\u00f6ntgen<\/h6>\n

But with the announcement by Wilhelm Conrad R\u00f6ntgen, who discovered in Januaary 1896 that the new radiation was able to cross opaque living tissues, we enter a new era of medico-dental diagnosis.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\n
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Fig. 1. Wilhelm Conrad R\u00f6ntgen<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n

 <\/p>\n

Born in Lennep on March 27, 1845, R\u00f6ntgen works in W\u00fcrzburg in 1870, in Strasbourg in 1872 where he becomes Privatdocent in physics in 1875.(1) (2)<\/p>\n

In I879 he is professor of physics in Giessen in 1888 in W\u00fcrzburg where he manages the Institute of Physics, dean of the university in 1893 and Nobel Prize in 1901.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\n
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Fig. 2. \u00ab\u00a0Uber eine neue Art von Strahlen\u00a0\u00bb<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n

 <\/p>\n

The genesis of his discovery is recorded in the seventeen paragraphs of a report entitled \u00ab\u00a0Uber eine neue Art von Strahlen\u00a0\u00bb (on a new kind of rays) he gives on December 28, 1895 to the secretariat of the Institute of physics and medicine of W\u00fcrzburg.<\/p>\n

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Fig. 3. Hittorf\u2019s modified Tube<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
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Fig. 3b. Induction generator<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n

 <\/p>\n

Decided to recapitulate Hertz and Lenard \u2019s works he gets several modified tubes of Hittorf and an induction coil outputting 20 amperes with a tension corresponding to 15 cm sparks, in his laboratory about May 1895.<\/p>\n

In November 8, 1895, R\u00f6ngen switch the light off. In the darkness of his laboratory, he notes that the screen saturated with barium platinocyanide, left at some distance away on a table, starts to emit light whatever the positions and the incidences of the sceen.<\/p>\n

Seeking the cause of this phenomenon, he notes that the tube of Hittorf carefully wrapped in a sleeve of black paperboard <\/b>he just happen to manipulate remained connected to the induction generator still under tension.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\n
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Fig. 4. The hand of his wife Bertha.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n

 <\/p>\n

R\u00f6ntgen has at once the intuition that his tube emits an unknown radiation able to cross the black paperboard and expose his screen by causing the phenomenon of fluorescence.<\/p>\n

A first series of exp\u00e9riments shows him that this new ray calls X differs from the light. But, at the time of a new series of experimentations, he notes that X-rays are comparable with the light by<\/p>\n

absence of deviation by the magnetic field, with the production of shadows and fluorescence and by the chemical effects resulting from the formation of a picture on a photographic plate even when this one is closed in the frame.<\/p>\n

He proceeds then to a series of usual objets radiographs on photographic plates and finishes by radiographying the hand of his wife Bertha on December 22, 1895.<\/p>\n

This historical X-ray appeared in the review \u00ab\u00a0Nature\u00a0\u00bb of London on January 23, 1896.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\n
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Fig. 5. The famous anatomist Albert von K\u00f6lliker\u2019s hand<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n

 <\/p>\n

In January 23, R\u00f6ntgen is invited by the physico-medical Institut of W\u00fcrzburg where he shows the result of his research materializing by making X- ray of the hand of the famous anatomist Albert von Kolliker.<\/p>\n

First applications of X-rays in Dentistry<\/h6>\n
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Fig. 6. Dr.Walkhoff \u2019s X- ray<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n

 <\/p>\n

The forschungsinstitut f\u00fcr Geschichte der Zahnheilkunde shows in January 1896 two dental radiographs with the mention: \u00a0\u00bb The dental X-rays of Dr Walkhoff, dentist in Braunschweig, made 14 days after the R\u00f6ntgen publication in December1895 \u00ab\u00a0<\/p>\n

But if we refer to the publications of this practitioner (3) we learn that on the initiative of Dr.Walkhoff, Professor Giesel carried out on his friend these two intra-oral X-rays with the help of a small glass photographic plate wrapped in black paper and a sheet of rubber.<\/p>\n

Walkhoff reports, that the exposure lasted 25 minutes and adds: \u00ab\u00a0it was a true torture, but I felt a great joy at the sight of the results when I become aware of the importance of the R\u00f6ngen rays for dentistry.\u00a0\u00bb<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

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Fig. 7. Prof. K\u00f6nig\u2019s new tube<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
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Fig. 7b. The cathodic beam in the tubes of Crookes and Hittorf<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n

 <\/p>\n

On february 2, 1896 Professor K\u00f6nig presents 14 radiographs at the Physical Society of Frankfort.<\/p>\n

These 14 X-rays were published in March under the title: \u00ab\u00a014 Photographien mit R\u00f6ntgen-Strahlen von Prof W. K\u00f6nig\u00a0\u00bb and published by S.A. Bart, Leipzig in 1896.<\/p>\n

The main point of this presentation refers to the exposure time reduced to 9 minutes. Schaeffer and Stuckert and more recently Streller describe the Professor K\u00f6nig\u2019s apparatus responsable for the important reduction in time exposure. (4) (5)<\/p>\n

With the tubes of Crookes and Hittorf the cathodic beam spread on a straight line, perpendicular to the plan of the surface of the cathode, and runs into the opposite wall of the tube of glass. The results is a heating of the glass which softens the tube and makes difficult the maintenance of precise pressure.<\/p>\n

The new tube of K\u00f6nig differs from the precedent one by its anticathode which is made up with a platinum disc located at 45\u00b0 of the of the convergence point of the cathodic beam. From this emergent point of the electrons, the X-rays spread out in every directions.<\/p>\n

This device, called by the Anglo-Saxons \u00ab\u00a0focus tube\u00a0\u00bbor \u00ab\u00a0reflecting tube\u00a0\u00bb generate also a production of more penetrating X-rays and a noticeable improvement of the definition of the tissues upon the photographic emulsion.<\/p>\n

Schaffer and Stuckert will bring back the duration of the exposure to 5 minutes by using the K\u00f6nig\u2019s tube.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\n
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Fig. 8. The earliest cranial X-ray<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n

 <\/p>\n

During a meeting of the Central Association of Germans Dentists, Walkhoff, in his turn, shows some X-rays in april 1896.<\/p>\n

In 1897, he exhibits for the members of the Academy of Sciences the earliest cranial X-rays made with the Professor K\u00f6nig\u2019s tube that underline a better definition of the film.(6)<\/p>\n

The french experimentations<\/b><\/h6>\n

 <\/p>\n

\n
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Fig. 9. Richard-Chauvin and F\u00e9lix Allard\u2019s X-rays<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n

 <\/p>\n

In France, the Professeur B\u00e9cl\u00e8re set up in 1897 the first laboratory of radiology in his department of the Tenon Hospital .<\/p>\n

The first conference on X-rays are read by Godon and Contremoulins where they introduce their own technic and the practical applications with the Louis Richard Chauvin and F\u00e9lix Allard\u2019 X-rays. (7) (8)<\/p>\n

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Fig. 10. Dr Bouchacourt\u2019s endodiascope<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n

 <\/p>\n

On february 7, 1899, le Dr Bouchacourt shows his \u00ab\u00a0Endodiascope\u00a0\u00bb drawn from the Dr Williams Rollins\u2019 s \u00ab\u00a0fluoroscope\u00a0\u00bb (9)<\/p>\n

The anglo-saxon\u2019 s experimentation<\/b><\/h6>\n
\n
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Figure 11. The first William James Morton\u2019 s Skiagraphs<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n

 <\/p>\n

If Frank Harrison (10) (11), in England, is considered the first user of the X-rays, in the United States, William James Morton, the son of the famous anesthetologist, publishes the first dental skiagraphs in the le Dental Cosmos of april 24, 1896.<\/p>\n

They are claimed as the first X-rays published in the american litterature. (12) (13)<\/p>\n

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Fig. 12. Dr. Edmund Kells ju. in his office<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n

 <\/p>\n

Dr. Edmund Kells is well-known for his important contribution to the popularization of electricity at the dental office.<\/p>\n

But he is also regarded as the pioneer of the application of X-rays in the United States. His technic is developed in two important articles published in 1899.(14) (15)<\/p>\n

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Fig. 13.\u00a0 Dr. Edmund Kells\u2019s film holder<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n

 <\/p>\n

The film, put in a small pocket wrapped with a double thickness of black paper and rubber, is set against the dental arcade perpendicular to the teeth to avoid any deformation.<\/p>\n

For this purpose, he uses a film holder of his invention, maintained month closed to avoid any displacement and not, as you may believe, to avoid a radiodermatitis of the fingers of the operator.<\/p>\n

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Fig. 14. Dr. C.J.B. Stephens\u2019s Radiographic equipment<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n

 <\/p>\n

Dr. Stephens,who set up in Great Falls in Montana, describes the equipment of his office in 1897 in articles of the serie \u00ab\u00a0Office and laboratory\u00a0\u00bb published in the review \u00ab\u00a0Items of interest\u00a0\u00bb.(16)<\/p>\n

After an attentive examination of the picture of his office we discover a radiographic equipment, still very rare in 1897. Achieved in hand-made way, this lay-out includes :<\/p>\n